Ìn-suat-su̍t 印刷術

中文原著趙弘雅
台語翻譯張東瀛

2025-03-21

電腦合成台語語音(Taiwanese Speech Notepad, version TSNB5700RE)

Ìn-suat-su̍t

Tē peh sè-kí ê Au-tsiu, tsi̍t pún tsheh ē-tàng uānn nn̄g tsiah gû. Tsa̍p-sann sè-kí āu-kî, Au-tsiu sui-jiân siat-li̍p tsin tsē tāi-ha̍k, put-jî-kò hit-tang-tsūn kàu-siū kóng khò, ha̍k-sing thiann khò ài tsò pit-kì, bô tsheh thang tha̍k, in-uī bô-lâng ū huat-tōo thang bé tshiú-tshau ê tsheh. Tong-sî tāi-pōo-hūn ê lâng lóng m̄-bat-jī.

Kong-guân 105 nî, hàn-lîn Tshuà-lûn huat-bîng tsuá. Kong-guân 751 nî, Oo-la-phik-lâng tsiong Tiong-kok ê tsò-tsuá ki-su̍t tuà-kàu si-lōo tiōng-tìn Sat-bé-jú-hán (Samarkand), tsò-tsuá ki-su̍t tsū-án-ne thuân kàu Au-tsiu. Tong-sî ê Au-tsiu, tsi̍t-pún tsheh ē-tàng uānn nn̄g-tsiah-gû. Kàu 1150 nî, Se-pan-gâ-lâng kā tsò-tsuá ê kuè-thîng kái-tsìn kah koh khah hó. 13-sè-kí, Au-tsiu ê tsuá í-king tsin phóo-phiàn koh tsin sio̍k. Tī hit-sî, I-tá-lì-lâng tshú-tāi Se-pan-gâ-lâng, tī tsò-tsuá ê ki-su̍t koh khah líng-sian.

1445 nî, Tik-kok lâng Kóo-thîng-pó (Johannes Gutenberg, 1397 kàu 1468) huat-bîng uah-pán ìn-suat-su̍t. Hâm 3 bān-jī ( hiān-tsāi 5 bān guā jī ) ê hàn-jī phīng-khì--lâi, tong-sî ê la-ting-jī-bó kan-na 23 jī. (iá-koh bô w, k, y tsit sann jī.) Ua̍h-pán ìn-suat pâi-pán iông-ī, ìn-suat-su̍t tī tsiok-té ê sî-kan tsìn-pōo tsin-tsē. 1455 nî, kóo-thîng-pó ìn tshut La-ting bûn sìng-king, tse sī sè-siōng tē-it pōo ìn-suat tshut--lâi ê tsheh. Phín-tsit hó koh tshing-tshó, sī 15-sè-kí Tik-kok-ki-su ko tsuí-tsún ê piáu-hiān. Tsū-án-ne, Tik-kok lâng tsiong tsit-ê ki-su̍t ìng-iōng kàu sìn-gióng ê tsheh, tsham-khó-tsheh, hi-iú kóo-tián-tsheh ê ìn-suat. 1460 nî, tē-it pún pah-kho-tsuân-su tshut-pán. (Má-ting-lōo-tik, 1483 kàu 1546 nî) liáu-kái hòng-khì la-ting-bûn kái iōng Tik-bûn ê tiōng-iàu-sìng, I sī thâu-tsi̍t-ê sú-iōng Tik-bûn su-siá ê lâng. Kàu 1575 nî, I ê Tik-bûn sìng-king bē 10 bān pún. Liáu-āu, Sìng-king koh huan-tsò kuí-nā kok ê bûn-jī.

Ū tāi kui-bôo tsò-tsuá kah iu-kiú bo̍k-pán ìn-suat king-giām ê I-tá-lì lâng bô-juā-kú tō líng-tō tsit-hō sin-hing ê ki-su̍t. 1464 nî kàu 1465 nî, In tshiánn nn̄g ê Tik-kok ki-su kàu I-tá-lì siat-li̍p ìn-suat-tshiáng. 1458 nî, Huat-kok kok-ông Tshiá-lí-sū it-sè (1403 kàu 1461 nî) phài Ní-khō-lā-sù Tsé-sòng (1420 kàu 1480 nî) kàu Mainz ha̍k-si̍p ìn-suat-su̍t. Tsé-sòng o̍h-tio̍h ki-su̍t liáu-āu bô tńg-khì Huat-kok, suah tsáu-khì ui lî sinn tuà I ê ē-puàn-sing, tī-hia tsò tsi̍t-tâi sè-kài siōng-tshut-miâ ê ìn-suat-ki.

Tuà Tik-kok khah I-tá-lì āu-piah, uā-pán ìn-suat tī 1470 nî thuân-ji̍p Hô-lân, Huat-kok, 1473 nî, thuân-ji̍p Hing-gâ lī, Se-pan-gâ, 1474 nî, thuân-ji̍p Pho-lân, 1476 nî, thuân-ji̍p Ing-kok. Kàu 1480 nî, Au-tsiu sóo-ū tsú-iàu ê siânn-tshī lóng ū ìn-suat-ki. Kàu 1500 nî, Au-tsiu tshut-pán tshiau-kuè 1000 bān pún ê tsheh, phīng Lô-má tè-kok bia̍t-bông liáu-āu koh-khah tsē. Ta̍k-kok hiong-thóo gí-bûn ê phóo-phiàn-huà hōo ìn-suat ê tsheh lú-ìn lú-tsē. Sin ê kóo-tsheh tsin kín tō tshut-pán, kè-siàu koh sio̍k. Ta̍t-hun-kî, Kho-lûn-pòo, tsì-kàu phóo-thong lâng, lóng ē-táng bé-tshè bat-jī. Sin-kū tì-sik, su-uî, tsu-sìn, thuân-pòo tsin kín. Tsé-sī jîn-luī ê li̍k-sú m̄-bat huat-sing--kuè ê tsu-sìn, tì-huī, koo-thong ê kik-bīng. Ìn-suat-su̍t piàn-tsò thui-tōng bûn-gē-ho̍k-hing siōng tiōng-iàu ê guân-tōng-li̍k. Kàu 16-sè-kí tiong-ia̍p, Lûn-tun hâm Au-tsiu tsú-iàu ê siânn-tshī ū tsi̍t-puànn ê lâng lóng bat-jī.

Au-tsiu ìn-suat-su̍t ê kái-tsìn, iânn kuè huat-bîng ìn-suat-su̍t ê hàn-lîn kuí-nā pōo.

Typography ( From Three Essays, Part 2. by Zhao, Hongya)

In 8th century Europe, a book cost 2 oxen. At the end of the 13th century, although many universities were established in Europe, professors gave lectures and students took notes, but there were no books to read because no one could afford handwritten books. Most people at that time were illiterate.

In 105 AD, Cai Lun (63-121 AD) of the Han Dynasty invented paper. In 751 AD, the Arabs brought Chinese papermaking technicians to Samarkand, an important city on the Silk Road, and papermaking technology was introduced to Europe. By 1150, the Spanish had perfected the papermaking process. By the 13th century, paper had become common and cheap in Europe. At this time, the Italians replaced the Spanish and took the lead in papermaking technology.

In 1445, the German Johannes Gutenberg (1397-1468) invented movable metal plate printing. Compared with the 30,000 Chinese characters (now more than 50,000), the Latin alphabet at that time had only 23 characters (the three characters u, j, and w were not yet available), and movable type printing was easy to type, so printing technology took off overnight. In 1455, Gutenberg printed the Latin Bible, the world's first printed book. It was clear and of good quality, reflecting the high level of German technicians in the 15th century. After that, the Germans applied this technology to the printing of religious books, reference books, rare classical books, etc. In 1460, the first encyclopedia was published. Martin Luther (1483-1546) realized the importance of using German rather than Latin, and he was one of the first people to write in German. By 1575, his German Bible had sold 100,000 copies. Since then, all Bible translations have been in local dialects.

The Italians, with their large paper industry and long experience in woodblock printing, soon took the lead in this emerging technology. In 1464-1465, they hired two German technicians to set up a printing press in Italy. In 1458, King Charles VII of France (1403-1461) sent Nicolas Jenson (1420-1480) to Mainz to learn printing. After completing his studies, Jenson did not return to his country, but instead spent the rest of his life in Venice, where he established the world's most famous printing press.

After Germany and Italy, movable type printing was introduced to the Netherlands and France in 1470, to Hungary and Spain in 1473, to Poland in 1474, and to Britain in 1476. By 1480, all major European cities had printing presses. By 1500, over 10 million books were being published in Europe, more than after the collapse of the Roman Empire. The maturity of local languages in various countries has promoted the rapid expansion of printed books. It is easy to publish new and old books, and book prices have plummeted. Leonardo da Vinci, Columbus, and even ordinary people can buy books and learn to read. New and old knowledge, ideas, and information spread very quickly. This is a revolution in information, wisdom, and communication that has never happened in human history. Printing technology became the most important driving force behind the Renaissance. By the middle of the 16th century, the literacy rate in London and major European cities reached 50%.

The rise of printing technology in Europe left the Han people, who invented printing technology, far behind.

印刷術 (趙弘雅隨筆三則之二) 隨筆三則趙弘雅 / 台語現代文協會

第8世紀的歐洲，一本書要價2條牛。13世紀末，歐洲雖然設立了很多大學，不過當時教授講課，學生聽講做筆記，無書可讀，因為沒有人買得起手抄書。當時大部份的人都是文盲。

公元105年，漢人蔡倫(63-121)發明紙。公元751年，阿拉伯人把中國的造紙技師帶到絲路重鎮撒馬爾罕(Samarkand)，造紙技術得以傳到歐洲。到1150年，西班牙人把造紙過程改進得更加完善。13世紀時，歐洲的紙已又普遍又便宜了。此時，義大利人取代西班牙人，在造紙技術上領先。

1445年，德人古騰堡(Johannes Gutenberg, 1397-1468)發明活金屬版印刷術。和3萬字(現在5萬多字)的漢字相比，當時的拉丁字母只有23字(尚無u， j，w這3字)，活版印刷排版容易，印刷術一夕起飛。1455年，古騰堡印出拉丁文聖經，是為世上第一部印刷出來的書，又清楚品質又好，乃15世紀德國技師高水準之表現。此之後，德國人將此技術應用到信仰書籍，參考書籍，稀有古典書籍等的印刷上。1460年，第一本百科全書出版。馬丁路德(Martin Luther, 1483-1546)體會到使用德文捨拉丁文的重要性，他是首先使用德文書寫的人之一。到1575年，他的德文聖經賣了10萬本。此後，聖經之翻譯全部採用各地方言。

擁有巨大造紙業和悠久的木版印刷經驗的義大利人不久就領導起這新興技術了。1464-1465年，他們僱請兩名德國技師到義大利設立印刷機。1458年，法王Charles VII(1403-1461)派Nicolas Jenson (1420-1480)到Mainz學習印刷術。Jenson學成後卻沒有回國，而是到威尼斯呆其下半生，在那裡設立了世上最著名的印刷機。

繼德國，義大利之後，活版印刷於1470年傳入荷蘭，法國，1473年傳入匈牙利，西班牙，1474年傳入波蘭，1476年傳入英國。到1480年，歐洲所有主要城市都有了印刷機。到1500年，歐洲出版超過1000萬本的書，比羅馬帝國崩潰後還多。各國鄉土語文的成熟促進印刷書籍快速膨脹。新古書出版容易，書價猛跌。達芬其，哥倫布，乃至凡夫走卒，都可以買書認字。新舊知識，思惟，資訊，傳播得很快。這是人類史上不曾有過的資訊，智慧，溝通革命。印刷術成了推動文藝復興最重要的原動力。到16世紀中葉，倫敦和歐洲主要城市的人的識字率達到50%。

歐洲印刷術的起飛把發明印刷術的漢人遠遠的拋在後面。

[ 正進行計畫 | 回主畫面 | 已發表論文 | 台語語音筆記本 | 台語作品 ]